耐冷菌的适冷分子机制及在污水处理中的应用

指出了低温是影响冬季寒冷地区生活污水处理效果的一个主要原因,在低温环境下,活性污泥中大多数中温菌的生长活性受到抑制,只有少数的耐冷菌可以存活下来并保持一定的活性。简要介绍了低温微生物的概念及分类,从细胞膜结构、低温酶、蛋白质合成以及冷休克蛋白等方面对耐冷菌的适冷机制进行分析,最后对耐冷菌在污水处理中的应用现状与发展方向进行了展望。     

一株耐铝甜瓜枯萎病拮抗细菌的分离鉴定及其耐铝特性研究

从甜瓜根际酸性土壤中分离筛选到1株耐铝甜瓜枯萎病拮抗菌，命名为A2。根据表型、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析，将其鉴定为Pseudomonas sp.。菌株A2对甜瓜枯萎病病原菌的相对防效为68.3%，且拮抗能力具有遗传稳定性。相比AlCl3处理，菌株A2对Al2(SO4)3表现出了更好的耐受性，最高可耐受50mmol/L Al3+。在含有A13+的S-LB培养基中，菌株最适生长温度为30 ℃；培养基初始pH值的降低会加剧A13+对菌株A2的毒害作用。研究结果可为含活性铝的酸性土壤中甜瓜枯萎病的生物防治提供优良菌株资源和理论基础。     

转基因玉米TC1507质粒DNA标准物质的研制

标准物质具有特定量值、均匀性和稳定性三大典型特征,也是其作为测量标尺的依据。转基因生物标准物质是我国转基因产品标识制度顺利实施的关键技术支撑之一。文章以转基因玉米TC1507为对象,制备了转化体特异性的新型质粒DNA标准物质pTC1507,并对其均匀性、稳定性、量值进行了评价和测定。测试结果表明,制备的质粒DNA标准物质具有良好的瓶间和瓶内均匀性,pTC1507稳定性可靠,可以在-20 ℃稳定放置6个月以上。经过测序和实时荧光定量PCR定值以及不确定度评估,pTC1507标准物质的量值是1.01±0.053。均匀性、稳定性和量值结果表明,研制的转基因玉米TC1507质粒分子标准物质符合标准物质的典型要求,可以代替传统的基体标准物质应用于转基因玉米检测,解决传统标准物质获取困难、制备复杂、成本高等不足。     

Natural hybridization between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its wild relatives Aegilops geniculata Roth and Aegilops triuncialis L.

BACKGROUND

Cultivated bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spontaneously hybridizes with wild/weedy related Aegilops populations, but little is known about the actual rates at which this hybridization occurs under field conditions. It is very important to provide reliable empirical data on this phenomenon in order to assess the potential crop–wild introgression, especially in the context of conducting risk assessments for the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) wheat, as gene flow from wheat to Aegilops species could transfer into the wild species genes coding for traits such as resistance to herbicides, insects, diseases or environmental stresses.

RESULTS

The spontaneous hybridization rates between wheat and A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, which are very abundant in the Mediterranean area, have been estimated for the first time in the northern part of the Meseta Central, the great central plateau which includes the largest area of wheat cultivation in Spain. Hybridization rates averaged 0.12% and 0.008% for A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, respectively. Hybrids were found in 26% of A. geniculata and 5% of A. triuncialis populations, at rates that can be ≤3.6% for A. geniculata and 0.24% for A. triuncialis.

CONCLUSION

The detection of Aegilops spp.–wheat hybrids in Aegilops populations indicates that gene flow can occur, although wheat is considered a crop with a low-to-medium risk for transgene escape. These data on field hybridization rates are essential for GM wheat risk assessment purposes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

武夷山不同森林类型土壤微生物分布状况的研究

对武夷山 3个不同森林类型的土壤微生物数量和类群组成变化进行了定位研究和观察。结果表明 :不同森林类型土壤异养微生物数量和组成比例都有明显差异 ,即使在同一森林类型条件下土壤剖面的不同层次都有其优势和特殊的细菌属、真菌属以及相对密度     

转基因大豆外源基因的漂移风险

转基因作物外源基因的漂移已为国内外学者所证实。我国每年进口转基因大豆的数量巨大,转基因大豆外源基因的漂移对我国传统的大豆作物和生态环境是一个潜在威胁。本文论述了转基因大豆的概况和外源基因漂移的风险,并对进境转基因大豆的检测监管进行了思考。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌工程菌BIOT185对金龟子幼虫的田间防效及其安全性评价

为评价苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)工程菌BIOT185对金龟子幼虫的田间防治效果以及其中间试验水平的安全性,在河北省定州市花生田开展了两年的田间小区试验。调查结果表明,每mL含100亿芽胞的工程菌BIOT185悬浮剂稀释10倍和100倍处理对金龟子幼虫具有较好的防治效果,虫口减退率可达52.08%～70.51%,保果效果为50.40%～66.57%,说明高浓度的BIOT185可以有效控制金龟子幼虫的危害。利用平板菌落计数法结合PCR检测发现,在施药后的365 d中BIOT185在土壤中的菌量总体呈下降趋势;调查田间各小区的昆虫种群发现,工程菌BIOT185处理区与野生菌HBF-1、BT185以及对照区的昆虫种群差异不显著。说明BIOT185不会在土壤环境中大量残留,也不会影响花生田的昆虫种群。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

拮抗细菌Bs-0728对板蓝根根腐病的防治作用

［目的］ 筛选对板蓝根根腐病有较强拮抗作用的生防菌株。［方法］ 采用平板对峙法对137个板蓝根根际土壤样本中分离到的201株拮抗细菌进行测试。［结果］ 筛选出1个对板蓝根根腐病菌有强烈抑制作用的菌株Bs-0728。结合显微镜观察确定Bs-0728菌株对板蓝根根腐病的主要致病菌茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,导致菌丝生长畸形,弯曲,部分细胞膨大。田间试验结果表明,Bs-0728的发酵液田间防效达72.97%,且增产86.26%。经形态观察、生理生化反应及16S rDNA 序列分析,初步将此拮抗细菌鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis。［结论］ 枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-0728菌株是一株很有应用前景的生防菌株。     

几种生物药剂对葡萄白粉病防治效果初报

葡萄白粉病( Uncinula necator )是造成云南葡萄减产品质降低的主要病害之一,特别是在金沙江干热河谷早熟葡萄产区,白粉病的流行会使葡萄减产30%,严重减产50%。通过田间试验对几种药剂对葡萄白粉病防效进行比较,从而选出防效较好的药剂。第1次药后7d,新高脂膜粉剂防治效果最高,达42.92%。第2、3、4次药后,15%三唑酮防治效果最高,分别达到51.50%、57.86%、51.81%,其余生物药剂防治效果都未达到50%,存在显著性差异。